नमस्कार दोस्तों, आज हम बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण english grammar के lesson को पढ़ने वाले हैं जिसका नाम है direct और indirect speech .
जो एग्जाम के point of view से important हैं साथ में इंग्लिश स्पीकिंग के लिए भी important है। जिस बच्चे को ये topic कठिन लगता है आज के बाद वो बच्चे भी इस टॉपिक से रिलेटेड question आसानी से solve कर पाएंगे।
चलिए अब हम इस chapter को स्टार्ट करतें हैं
Definition of direct speech
when we tell the statement of speaker exactly same .this is called direct speech.
किसी व्यक्ति के कही हुई बातों को उसी के शब्दों में कहना direct speech कहलाता है
हम निचे दिए हुए एक्साम्प्ले से इसको समझतें है.
he said, "i am ready."
ram said ,"i saw him."
he said to me, "what is your name?"
Definition of indirect speech
we tell the statement of speaker in our own words. this is called the indirect speech.
किसी व्यक्ति के द्वारा कही हुई बातों को अपने तरीके से जोड़कर बोलने को हम indirect speech कहते है।
निचे दिए हुआ उदहारण से हम इसको समझते है।
he said that he was ready.
ram said that he had seen him.
he asked me what my name was.
Some important definition
a. Reporting verb -the sentence which exist outside the inverted comma it verb is called reporting verb.
inverted comma के बाहर जो sentence होता है उसके verb को ही reporting verb कहते है। जैसे
he said, "i am going to school now. "
यहाँ said reporting verb है।
b. Reported speech-the sentence which locate inside the inverted comma is called reported speech.
inverted comma के अंडर जो सेंटेंस रहता है उसे ही reported speech कहते है।
उदहारण के लिए
he said ,i am going to school now ."
इस sentence के अंडर जो इनवर्टेड कॉमा के अंडर है "i am going to school now" ये reported speech कहलायेगा।
c. Verb of the reported speech -the verb which locate inside the inverted comma is called verb of the reported speech.
उदहारण के लिए
he said, "i am going to school now. "
इस sentence के अंदर inverted comma के अंदर verb going है उसी को हम reported speech कहेंगे।
General rule of changing into indirect speech
1.change of person
2.change of tense
3.change of other part of speech
Change of person
1.rule
1 2 3
s o n
first person-को reporting verb के subject के अनुसार बदलते हैं।
second person -को reporting verb के object के अनुसार बदलते हैं।
third person-को reporting verb में कोई बदलाव नहीं होता है।
2.rule
when the reporting verb is in present or future tense the tense of reported speech not changed .
अगर reporting verb present और future तो reported speech का tense में कोई change नहीं होगा।
उदहारण के लिए आप निचे देख सकते हैं।
he says," Geeta reads a story."
he says that Geeta reads a story.
the mother is saying ," Shushi will be a good girl."
the mother is saying that Shushi will be a good girl.
3. rule
when assertive sentence is inside the inverted comma then to change into indirect speech by using that
अगर inverted comma के अंदर कोई assertive sentence हो तो indirect speech में change करने के लिए that का use किया जाता है।
4.while changing the person please attention on number and case because they do not change. for easy explanation following are the table of personal pronoun firstly please learn this table carefully.
now lets read some example to understand this concept easily
he says to me, "i am your friend."
he tells me that he is my friend.
she says to me ,"i am his sister."
she tells me that she is his sister.
i say to them, "i help you."
i tell them that i help them .
my mother says to me, "i love you ."
my mother tells me that she loves me .
they say to me ,"we have always helped you."
they tell me that they have always helped me .
the boys say to the teacher, "we can't do without your help."
the boys tell the teacher that they can't do without his help.
Sneha will tell me, "i need your help."
Sneha will tell me that she needs my help.
the student says ,"i could pass the exam."
the student says that he could pass the exam.
2.Change of tense
when reporting verb is in present or future tense then no changing of indirect speech but when reporting verb is in past tense then its change according to following rule
simple present-simple past
present continuous-past continuous
present perfect-past perfect
present perfect continuous-past perfect continuous
simple past-past perfect
past continuous-past perfect continuous
past perfect-no change
past perfect continuous -no change
shall/will-should /would
can-could
may-might
am/is/are-was/were
have/has-had
could/should/would/might-generally not changed
he said to me ,"i am your friend."
he told me that he was my friend.
they said to us, "we are giving you a nice present."
they told us that they were giving us a nice present .
Mohan said to her, "i love you."
Mohan told her that he loved her .
i said to my friends, "i have sympathy for you."
i told my friends that i had sympathy for them.
she said to me ,"i want to give you my pen."
she told me that she wanted to give me her pen.
Madan said to her, "i have been teaching you sister for 3 year."
Madan told her that he had been teaching her sister for three years.
the child said to his mother," i shall obey you."
the child told his mother that he would obey her.
he said to me ,"i can defeat you."
she told me that he could defeat me.
he said to me ,"i shall be able to help you."
he told me that he would be able to help me.
Sneha said to ram, "you should/could/would help me ."
Sneha told ram that he should/could/would help her.
Exception
no change in the case of universal truth statement
he said ,"the earth is round."
he said that the earth is round.
my father said to me, "honesty is the best policy."
my father told me that honesty is best policy.
he said," work is worship."
he said that work is worship.
he said ,"two and two is four.''
he said that two and two is four.
the teacher said, "the sun rises in the east and sets in the west ."
the teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3.Change in other parts of speech
if reporting verb in past tense then it change into this type
this-that
these-those
here-there
hence-thence
now-then
thus-so
today-that day
yesterday-the day before/the previous day
the day before yesterday-two day before
tomorrow-the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow-the two days' time
next week/year, etc. -the following week /year, etc.
last week, year, etc.-the previous week/year, etc.
a year ago- a year before / the previous day
she said ,"i am glad to be here this morning."
she said that she was glad to be there that morning.
he said, "i am now speaking to this boy."
he said that he was then speaking to that boy.
he said, i will do it tomorrow."
he said that he would do it the next day.
she said ,"i am starting the day after tomorrow."
she said that she was starting in two days' time.
the girl said to me, "i shall meet you next month."
the girl told me that she would meet me the following month.
hw said, "she died a year ago."
he said that she had died a year before.
she said, "i saw him the day before yesterday."
she said that she had seen him two days before.
you can also read this chapter
Verb forms
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